??? ?? ?????

百度据报道，2017年夏季，大众希望让自身与江淮汽车的合资公司开发的新能源车使用“西雅特(SEAT)”品牌，但遭到了中国政府的反对，此事受到关注。

??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????. ??? ???? ? ??? API? ????? "?? ??? ??" API? "?? ??" API? ????.

??? API

??? API? ?? ??? ?? API??, ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ?? ??.^[3] ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? GNU C ?????(glibc)? ?? ?????? ?????. ??? API? ??? ??? POSIX?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???(POSIX?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? API?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? POSIX?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????)? ???? ????.

??? API? ???? ? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????; ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????.^[4] ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??.

? ?? ??? ??-?? ?? ?????? POSIX API? ???. ?? ?? ????? ????? POSIX? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? API? ???? ???? ???? ??. ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ? ??? API? ????? ?? ?? POSIX-API?? ???? ??. ? ??? ?? ???? udev, systemd ??? Weston? ??.^[5] ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? POSIX API? ?? ??? API? ?????.^[6]

??? ??? ??? ?? ?????

??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????. ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???.

??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??. ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

C ?? ?????

GNU C ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???; ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? glibc? ??? ??? API? ???.

GNU C ????? (glibc)
???? GNU C ?????
uClibc
klibc
Newlib
musl
dietlibc
libbionic ??? libhybris

POSIX? ?? ??

?? ??? ?? ?????, POSIX? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????.

cgroups ?????, ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? libcgroup^[1]
?? ??? ???? ??? ??, ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ? ioctls? POSIX ??? ? ??? ???.
?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ? ???, ??? POSIX ??? ? ??? ???.
??? ?? futex (?? ??? ?? ???), epoll, splice, dnotify, fanotify, ??? inotify ? ???? ??? ?? ????.
??? ?? getrandom ? ??? 3.17?? ?????.^[11]
memfd ? kdbus ????? ?? ?????.^[12]
- memfd_create ? ??? 3.17?? ??? ???.
readahead ? ?? "read-ahead"? ??? ??? ?????.

DRM? ? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????. DRM? ???? ?? ??????, ?? ?? ???? ?????.^[13]

??? ABI

??? API?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ABI? ?? ??. ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??. ??? ABI ?? ???? ??? ??? ????. ??? ABI? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? GNU C ?????? ????? ??? ???, ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????.

ABI? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????, ????? x86, x86-64, MIPS, ARMv7-A (32??), ARMv8-A (64??) ?? ??. ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????.

??? ABI? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ? ??? ??. ??-?? ?? ?????? ??????? GNU ???? ??? LLVM/??? ??.

?? ????? ?? ??? API?? ??? ?? ABI?? ??? ??.

?? ?? API

??? ?? ?? API?? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????. ???? ? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??.

??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????. ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? API?? ????? ????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? API? ???? ?? ????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??. ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? API? ?? ???.^[14]

?? ?? ABI

???? ?? ?? API? ?? ???, ???? ?? ?? ABI? ??? ? ??.

?? ??

??? ????? ?????
????
??? ?? : ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????.
- ?? ???
- ???
??? API : ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? API?? ?? ?
- windows.h : C? ?? ??????, ??? API??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????.
?? : ???? ??????? ??? ? ???? ??? ?? ??
libhybris – ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??

??

↑ ^? ^? “ControlGroupInterface”. freedesktop.org.
↑ “libevdev”. freedesktop.org.
↑ Alessandro Rubini (2006? 11? 2?). “Kernel System Calls”. 《linux.it》. 2016? 2? 11?? ???.
↑ Linus Torvalds (2012? 12? 23?). “Re: [Regression w/ patch] Media commit causes user space to misbahave (was: Re: Linux 3.8-rc1)”. Linux kernel mailing list. 2016? 2? 11?? ???. If a change results in user programs breaking, it's a bug in the kernel. We never EVER blame the user programs.
↑ “Choosing between portability and innovation”. LWN.net. 2011? 3? 2?.
↑ “Interview: Lennart Poettering - Lennart Poettering will give a talk about "Systemd: beyond init" at FOSDEM 2011.”. fosdem.org. 2011. 2014? 9? 6?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2014? 6? 16?? ???. In fact, the way I see things the Linux API has been taking the role of the POSIX API and Linux is the focal point of all Free Software development. Due to that I can only recommend developers to try to hack with only Linux in mind and experience the freedom and the opportunities this offers you. So, get yourself a copy of The Linux Programming Interface, ignore everything it says about POSIX compatibility and hack away your amazing Linux software. It's quite relieving!
↑ “System Call Organization”.
↑ “Making a universal list of syscalls?”. LKML. 2014? 2? 27?.
↑ “Flags as a system call API design pattern”. LWN.net. 2014? 2? 12?.
↑ “On vsyscalls and the vDSO”. LWN.net. 2011? 6? 8?.
↑ “[PATCH, RFC] random: introduce getrandom(2) system call”. Linux kernel mailing list. 2014? 7? 17?.
↑ “memfd.c”. 2014? 4? 22?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2014? 7? 19?? ???.
↑ “NetBSD 7.0 Will Finally Have DRM/KMS Drivers”. Phoronix. 2014? 3? 19?.
↑ “The Linux Kernel Driver Interface”. 2013? 11? 4?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2015? 4? 10?? ???.

?? ??

The API of Linux kernel 2.6.20 – sadly no current version available
The Linux Programming Interface
Interactive Linux kernel map with main API functions and structures
Linux Device Drivers by Jonathan Corbet, Greg Kroah-Hartman and Alessandro Rubini, 3rd edition
Linux Kernel Linked List Explained ??? 2025-08-14 - ??? ??
TLPI: API changes, Linux API changes since The Linux Programming Interface was released in 2010

[libcgroup-1] ? ^? “ControlGroupInterface”. freedesktop.org.

[libevdev-2] “libevdev”. freedesktop.org.

[3] Alessandro Rubini (2006? 11? 2?). “Kernel System Calls”. 《linux.it》. 2016? 2? 11?? ???.

[4] Linus Torvalds (2012? 12? 23?). “Re: [Regression w/ patch] Media commit causes user space to misbahave (was: Re: Linux 3.8-rc1)”. Linux kernel mailing list. 2016? 2? 11?? ???. If a change results in user programs breaking, it's a bug in the kernel. We never EVER blame the user programs.

[5] “Choosing between portability and innovation”. LWN.net. 2011? 3? 2?.

[fosdem1-6] “Interview: Lennart Poettering - Lennart Poettering will give a talk about "Systemd: beyond init" at FOSDEM 2011.”. fosdem.org. 2011. 2014? 9? 6?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2014? 6? 16?? ???. In fact, the way I see things the Linux API has been taking the role of the POSIX API and Linux is the focal point of all Free Software development. Due to that I can only recommend developers to try to hack with only Linux in mind and experience the freedom and the opportunities this offers you. So, get yourself a copy of The Linux Programming Interface, ignore everything it says about POSIX compatibility and hack away your amazing Linux software. It's quite relieving!

[7] “System Call Organization”.

[8] “Making a universal list of syscalls?”. LKML. 2014? 2? 27?.

[9] “Flags as a system call API design pattern”. LWN.net. 2014? 2? 12?.

[10] “On vsyscalls and the vDSO”. LWN.net. 2011? 6? 8?.

[11] “[PATCH, RFC] random: introduce getrandom(2) system call”. Linux kernel mailing list. 2014? 7? 17?.

[12] “memfd.c”. 2014? 4? 22?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2014? 7? 19?? ???.

[13] “NetBSD 7.0 Will Finally Have DRM/KMS Drivers”. Phoronix. 2014? 3? 19?.

[14] “The Linux Kernel Driver Interface”. 2013? 11? 4?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2015? 4? 10?? ???.

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